UNDER CONSTRUCTION

This article describes linker notes about Portable Executable (PE) and Common Object File Format (COFF) used on Windows and UEFI environments.

In ELF, an object file can be a relocatable file, an executable file, or a shared object file. On Windows, the term "object file" usually refers to relocatable files like ELF. Such files use the Common Object File Format (COFF) while image files (e.g. executables and DLLs) use the Portable Executable (PE) format.

Input files

The input files can be object files, archive files, and import libraries. GNU ld and lld-link allow linking against DLL files without an import library.

Relocatable object files

TODO

Import files

An import file (.lib) is a special archive file. Each member represents a symbol to be imported. The symbol __imp_$sym is inserted to the global symbol table.

The import header has a Type field indicating IMPORT_OBJECT_CODE/IMPORT_OBJECT_DATA/IMPORT_OBJECT_CONST.

For an import type of IMPORT_OBJECT_DATA, the symbol $sym is defined as an alias for __imp_$sym.

For an import type of IMPORT_OBJECT_CODE, the symbol $sym is defined as an import thunk, which is like a PLT entry in ELF.

GNU ld and lld-link allow linking against DLL files without an import library. The behavior is as if the linker synthesizes an import library from a DLL file.

Symbols

An object file contributes defined and undefined symbols. An import file contributes defined symbols in a DLL that can be referenced by __imp_$sym.

A defined symbol can be any of the following kinds:

• special (ignored in the global symbol table)
• common (section number is IMAGE_SYM_UNDEFINED and value is not 0)
• absolute (section number is -1)
• regular (section number is positive)

An undefined symbol has a storage class of IMAGE_SYM_CLASS_EXTERNAL, a section number of IMAGE_SYM_UNDEFINED (zero), and a value of zero.

An undefined symbol with a storage class of IMAGE_SYM_CLASS_WEAK_EXTERNAL is a weak external, which is actually like a weak definition in ELF.

PE requires explicit annotations for exported symbols and imported symbols in DLL files. There are differences between code symbols and function symbols.

Imported code symbols

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__declspec(dllexport) void f() {}


void local(void) {}
void __declspec(dllimport) f(void);
int main(void) {
  local();
  f();
}

Linking b.dll gives us b.lib (see "Import files" above).

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# b.dll
.globl f
f:

.section        .drectve,"yni"
.ascii  " -export:f"

a.obj has two function calls. The call to f references the prefixed symbol __imp_f.

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# a.obj
  callq   local
  callq   *__imp_f(%rip)

call *__imp_f(%rip) is like -fno-plt codegen for ELF. In this case when we know that f is defined elsewhere, the generated code is more efficient.

When linking a.exe, we need to make the import file b.lib as an input file The linker parses the import file and creates a definition for __imp_f pointing to the import address table entry.

TODO import table

Actually, when __imp_f is defined, the unprefixed symbol f is also defined. Normally, the unprefixed f is unused and will be discarded. However, if the user code calls the unprefixed symbol (e.g. call f), the f definition will be retained in the linker output and point to a thunk:

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  call f  # generated code without using dllimport

f:  # x86-64 thunk
  jmpq *__imp_f(%rip)

Different architectures have different thunk implementations.

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// x86-32 and x86-64
jmp *0x0   // references an entry in the import address table

// AArch32
mov.w ip, #0
mov.t ip, #0
ldr.w pc, [ip]

// AArch64
adrp x16, #0
ldr x16, [x16]
br x16

TODO link.exe will issue a warning.

Imported data symbols

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__declspec(dllexport) int var;


int local_var;
__declspec(dllimport) extern int var;
int main() { return local_var + var;  }

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# b.dll
.bss
.globl var
var:

.section        .drectve,"yni"
.ascii  " -export:var,data"

The linker parses the import file and creates a definition for __imp_var pointing to the import address table entry. Unlike a code symbol, the linker does not create a definition for var (without the __imp_ prefix).

With a dllimport:

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movq    __imp_var(%rip), %rax
movl    (%rax), %eax

If dllimport is not specified, we get a referenced to the unprefixed symbol:

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movq    var(%rip), %rax

link.exe will report an error.

MinGW implements runtime pseudo relocations to patch the text section so that absolute pointers and relative offsets to the symbol will be rewritten to bind to the actual definition.

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movq var(%rip), %rax  # the runtime will rewrite this to point to the definition in b.dll

If the variable is defined out of the +-2GiB range from the current location, the runtime pseudo relocation can't fix the issue. See crt: Check pseudo relocations for overflows and error out clearly.

For a non-definition declaration, GCC conservatively thinks the variable may be defined in a DLL and generate indirection. This is similar to a GOT code sequence in ELF.

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extern int extern_var;
int main() { return extern_var; }

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// MSVC
  movl    extern_var(%rip), %eax

// GCC
  movq    .refptr.extern_var(%rip), %rax
  movl    (%rax), %eax

Non-dllexport definition and dllimport

A dllimport symbol referenced by an object file is normally satisfied by an import file. link.exe allows another object file to provide the definition. In such a case, link.exe will issue a warning (Linker Tools Warning LNK4217). lld-link has implemented this feature for compatibility.

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echo '__declspec(dllimport) int foo(); int main() { return foo(); }' > a.cc
echo 'int foo() { return 42; }' > b.cc
clang-cl -c a.cc b.cc
lld-link -nodefaultlib -entry:main a.obj b.obj

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lld-link: warning: a.obj: locally defined symbol imported: int __cdecl foo(void) (defined in b.obj) [LNK4217]

MinGW

MinGW provides auto exporting and auto importing features to make PE DLL files work like ELF shared objects. When producing a DLL file, if no symbol is chosen to be exported, almost all symbols are exported by default (--export-all-symbols).

If an undefined symbol $sym is unresolved and __imp_$sym is defined, $sym will be aliased to __imp_$sym. TODO: example

If the symbol .refptr.$sym is present, it will be aliased to __imp_$sym as well. mingw-w64 defaults to -mcmodel=medium and uses .refptr.$sym. TODO: example

https://github.com/ziglang/zig/issues/9845

Manual __imp_ definition

The user can define __imp_ instead of letting the linker does.

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/57982

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$ cat lto-dllimp1.c
void __declspec(dllimport) importedFunc(void);
void other(void);

void entry(void) {
    importedFunc();
    other();
}
$ cat lto-dllimp2.c
static void importedFuncReplacement(void) {
}
void (*__imp_importedFunc)(void) = importedFuncReplacement;

void other(void) {
}

The design of share libraries has major advancements around 1988. Before 1988, there were shared libraries implementations in a.out and COFF objec file formats, but they had severe limitations, such as fixed addresses and the requirement of extra files like import files.

Such limitations are evidenced in 1986 Summer USENIX Technical Conference & Exhibition Proceedings, Shared Libraries on UNIX System V from AT&T. Its shared library (presumably using the COFF object file format) must have a fixed virtual address, which is called "static shared library" in Linkers and Loaders's term.

In 1988, SunOS 4.0 was released with an extended a.out binary format with dynamic shared library support. Unlike previous static shared library schemes, the a.out shared libraries are position independent and can be loaded at different addresses. The dynamic linker source code is available somewhere and I find that its GOT and PLT schemes are exacly like what we have for ELF today.

AT&T and Sun collaborated to create the first System V release 4 ABI (using ELF). AT&T contributed the ELF object format. Sun contributed all of the dynamic linking implementation from SunOS 4.x. In 1992, SunOS 5.0 (Solaris 2.0) switched to ELF.

For ELF, the designers tried to make shared libraries similar to static libraries. There is no need to annotate export and import symbols to work with shared libraries.

I cannot find more information about System V release 3's shared library support, but the Windows DLL is assuredly inspired by it, given that the PE object file format is based on COFF and the PE specification refers to COFF in numerous places.

So, is the shared library design in ELF more advanced? It is. However, two aspects are worth deep thoughts.

• The manual export and import annotations have its stregth.
• Choices made to make ELF shared libraries flexible had major downsides.
  • Performance downside due to symbol interposition on the compiler side. See -fno-semantic-interposition
  • Performance downside due to symbol interposition on the linker and loader side. See ELF interposition and -Bsymbolic
  • Underlinking problems exacebated by the -z undefs default in linkers. See Dependency related linker options.

Limitations

The number of symbols cannot exceed 65535. Several open-source projects have faced problems that a DLL file cannot export more than 65535 symbols. (GNU ld has a diagnostic error: export ordinal too large:).

A section header has only 8 bytes for the name field. link.exe truncates long section names to 8 bytes. For a section with a long name and the IMAGE_SCN_MEM_DISCARDABLE flag, lld uses a non-standard string table and issues a warning.