以下是《华盛顿邮报》2月9日发表的文章机器翻译：

乌克兰官员说，如果没有驻扎在欧洲其他地方的美国军事人员提供详细坐标，他们几乎从不发射HIMARS导弹

文/伊莎贝尔·胡尔舒迪安，丹·拉莫特，肖恩·哈里斯，保罗·索内

美国东部时间2023年2月9日下午4:19

2021年6月，一种高机动性火炮火箭系统(HIMARS)在训练演习中发射了一枚火箭。(Mosa 'ab Elshamy /美联社)

基辅，乌克兰——乌克兰官员表示，他们需要美国及其盟国提供或确认的坐标，以便使用美国提供的先进火箭系统进行绝大多数的打击，这一此前未公开的做法揭示了五角大楼在战争中发挥更深层、更积极的作战作用。

三名乌克兰高级官员和一名美国高级官员证实了这一消息。数月来，基辅军队在乌克兰领土上使用美国提供的高机动火箭炮系统(HIMARS)和其他类似的精确制导武器(如M270多管火箭发射系统)打击俄罗斯的目标，包括总部、弹弹库和兵营。

一位乌克兰高级官员说，如果没有美国军事人员从欧洲其他地方的基地提供具体坐标，乌克兰军队几乎从不发射这种先进武器。乌克兰官员说，这一进程应该会让华盛顿有信心向基辅提供远程武器。

一名美国高级官员承认美国在这次行动中发挥了关键作用，并表示，提供瞄准目标的援助有助于确保准确性，并节省有限的弹药储备，以获得最大的效果。由于问题的敏感性，这名官员和其他人一样要求匿名。这名官员说，乌克兰在打击目标上不寻求美国的批准，通常会用其他武器自行瞄准俄罗斯军队。这位官员说，美国仅以顾问的身份提供协调和精确的目标信息。

gps制导的打击将莫斯科的军队击退在战场上，被誉为基辅试图阻止俄罗斯近一年进攻的一个关键因素。乌克兰总统弗拉基米尔·泽伦斯基(Volodymyr Zelensky)去年12月访问白宫时，向拜登总统颁发了一枚军事奖章，这枚勋章是由乌克兰HIMARS部队指挥官批准的。

“反正你控制着每一枪，所以当你说，‘我们担心你会把它用于其他目的’时，即使我们想这么做，我们也做不到，”前述乌克兰高级官员说。

这位美国高级官员反驳了这种说法。这名美国官员说，“乌克兰人把目标交给我们审批”的说法“不属实”。

乌克兰军方官员表示，俄罗斯军队已经将弹药库存移出了HIMARS的射程之外，这导致每天对乌克兰城市和士兵的轰炸急剧下降，但也降低了基辅瞄准莫斯科武器库的能力。有了ATACMS，乌克兰人可能会把目标对准俄罗斯在克里米亚的军事设施。2014年，俄罗斯非法入侵并吞并了克里米亚。

美国最近还批准购买和交付另一种gps制导弹药，即地面发射的小直径炸弹(GLSDB)，这种炸弹可以飞行90英里以上，由HIMARS和类似的发射器发射。该弹最初设计用于从飞机上发射，但已被改变用途。

乌克兰将利用美国新提供的火箭炮弹将射程扩大一倍

乌克兰军方导弹部队和炮兵训练负责人安德里·马利诺夫斯基(Andriy Malinovsky)少将在10月接受《华盛顿邮报》(The Washington Post)采访时表示，乌克兰的西方盟友在哈尔科夫反击战之前已经确认了目标坐标。

他说，合作伙伴已经制定了一个流程，乌克兰得到了精确的坐标，以确保在俄罗斯军队措手不及的快速反攻中，他们不会错过多管火箭炮系统的目标。马里诺夫斯基说，目标信息还为俄罗斯信号干扰阻止无人机在战场上进行侦察提供了一种变通办法。

“根据我们的地图和软件，一个点将有一组坐标，”马林诺夫斯基说。“但是当我们把这个目标交给合作伙伴进行分析时，坐标是不同的。为什么?因为美国和北约国家可以使用军事卫星。

“我们基本上都一直在线，”他补充道。“他们立即给我们坐标，然后我们立即发射MLRS。”

第三名乌克兰官员证实，所有针对目标的行动都是通过北约领土上的美国设施进行的，并称这一过程“非常快”。《华盛顿邮报》应美国官员的要求，以安全考虑为由拒绝透露该基地的名称。

原文：

Ukraine’s rocket campaign reliant on U.S. precision targeting, officials say

Ukrainian officials say that they almost never launch HIMARS rounds without detailed coordinates provided by U.S. military personnel situated elsewhere in Europe

By Isabelle Khurshudyan, Dan Lamothe, Shane Harris and Paul Sonne

February 9, 2023 at 4:19 p.m. EST

A High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS) launches a rocket during a training exercise in June 2021. (Mosa'ab Elshamy/AP)

KYIV, Ukraine — Ukrainian officials said they require coordinates provided or confirmed by the United States and its allies for the vast majority of strikes using its advanced U.S.-provided rocket systems, a previously undisclosed practice that reveals a deeper and more operationally active role for the Pentagon in the war.

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The disclosure, confirmed by three senior Ukrainian officials and a senior U.S. official, comes after months of Kyiv’s forces pounding Russian targets — including headquarters, ammunition depots and barracks — on Ukrainian soil with the U.S.-provided High Mobility Artillery Rocket System, or HIMARS, and other similar precision-guided weapons such as the M270 multiple-launch rocket system.

One senior Ukrainian official said Ukrainian forces almost never launch the advanced weapons without specific coordinates provided by U.S. military personnel from a base elsewhere in Europe. Ukrainian officials say this process should give Washington confidence about providing Kyiv with longer-range weapons.

A senior U.S. official — who, like others, spoke on the condition of anonymity because of the sensitivity of the issue — acknowledged the key American role in the campaign and said the targeting assistance served to ensure accuracy and conserve limited stores of ammunition for maximum effectiveness. The official said Ukraine does not seek approval from the United States on what to strike and routinely targets Russian forces on their own with other weapons. The United States provides coordinates and precise targeting information solely in an advisory role, the official said.

The GPS-guided strikes have driven back Moscow’s forces on the battlefield and been celebrated as a key factor in Kyiv’s underdog attempt to stave off the nearly year-old Russian assault. When Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky visited the White House in December, he gave President Biden a military medal that had been approved for meritorious service by the commander of a Ukrainian HIMARS unit.

U.S.-supplied HIMARS changing the calculus on Ukraine’s front lines

The issue is sensitive for the U.S. government, which has cast itself as a nonbelligerent friend to the government in Kyiv as it fights for its sovereignty and survival. The Kremlin has repeatedly accused the United States and its NATO allies of fighting a proxy war in Ukraine.

Senior Pentagon officials declined for days to answer questions about whether and how they provide coordinates for the strikes, citing concerns about operational security. They instead provided a statement highlighting the limitations of American involvement.

“We have long acknowledged that we share intelligence with Ukraine to assist them in defending their country against Russian aggression, and we have optimized over time how we share information to be able to support their requests and their targeting processes at improved speed and scale,” Brig. Gen. Patrick Ryder, a Pentagon spokesman, said in the statement. “The Ukrainians are responsible for finding targets, prioritizing them and then ultimately deciding which ones to engage. The U.S. does not approve targets, nor are we involved in the selection or engagement of targets.”

The senior Ukrainian official described the targeting process, generally: Ukrainian military personnel identify targets they want to hit, and in which location, and that information is then sent up to senior commanders, who then relay the request to U.S. partners for more accurate coordinates. The Americans do not always provide the requested coordinates, the official said, in which case the Ukrainian troops do not fire.

Ukraine could carry out strikes without U.S. help, but because Kyiv doesn’t want to waste valuable ammunition and miss, it usually chooses not to strike without U.S. confirmation, the official said, adding that there are no complaints about the process.

For months now, the Ukrainian government has been lobbying Washington for longer-range precision weapons.

Kyiv possesses HIMARS launchers and a similar weapon, the M270 multiple-launch rocket system, each of which fire a U.S.-made rocket that can travel up to 50 miles.

Ukrainian officials also have sought the Army Tactical Missile System, or ATACMS, a munition that can be fired from the same launcher and travel up to 185 miles. Biden administration officials have declined to provide that weapon, which is in limited supply and seen by senior U.S. officials as an escalation that could provoke Russia and drag the United States directly into the war.

Kyiv has pledged that it would not use the longer-range missile to strike across the border inside Russia.

The senior Ukrainian official contended that the Ukrainian military would face the same limitations it does now with conventional HIMARS rounds if it received ATACMS, with Ukraine still dependent on U.S. targeting coordinates.

“You’re controlling every shot anyway, so when you say, ‘We’re afraid that you’re going to use it for some other purposes,’ well, we can’t do it even if we want to,” the senior Ukrainian official said.

The senior U.S. official disputed the characterization. It is “not true,” the U.S. official said, that “Ukrainians run targets by us for approval.”

Ukrainian military officials have said that Russian forces have moved back their ammunition stocks out of HIMARS range, which has led to a steep decline in the daily bombardment of Ukrainian cities and soldiers but also reduced Kyiv’s ability to target Moscow’s arsenal. With ATACMS, the Ukrainians probably would target Russian military installations in Crimea, which Russia invaded and annexed illegally in 2014.

The United States also recently approved the purchase and delivery of another GPS-guided munition, the ground-launched small-diameter bomb, or GLSDB, that can travel more than 90 miles and be launched from HIMARS and similar launchers. The round was initially designed to be fired from aircraft but has been repurposed.

Ukraine will double its reach with newly provided U.S. rocket artillery rounds

The head of the Ukrainian military’s missile forces and artillery training, Maj. Gen. Andriy Malinovsky, told The Washington Post in an interview in October that Ukraine’s Western allies had confirmed coordinates for targets ahead of the Kharkiv counteroffensive.

The partners had worked out a process, he said, with Ukraine receiving precise coordinates to ensure they wouldn’t miss their mark with multiple-launch rocket artillery systems as the rapid counteroffensive caught Russian forces unprepared. The targeting information also provided a workaround for when Russian signal-jamming prevented aerial drone reconnaissance on the battlefield, Malinovsky said.

“According to our maps and software, a point will have one set of coordinates,” Malinovsky said. “But when we give this target to partners for analysis, the coordinates are different. Why? Because the Americans and NATO countries have access to military satellites.

“We’re all basically always online,” he added. “They immediately get us the coordinates and we then fire the MLRS right away.”

A third Ukrainian official confirmed that targeting all goes through an American installation on NATO soil and described the process as “very fast.” The Post is withholding the name of the base at the request of U.S. officials who cited security concerns.

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