To combat a growing range of cyber threats, enterprise leaders and cybersecurity professionals often employ tabletop exercises as a valuable tool to enhance preparedness and response capabilities. Tabletop exercises simulate real-world cyber incidents in a controlled environment, allowing organizations to test their incident response plans, evaluate team coordination, and identify vulnerabilities.

As the overall threat landscape shifts though, it is essential to continuously improve tabletop exercises so that they remain effective. Without the right strategy in place, organizations may not find value in their tabletop exercises. Adapting to the changing cybersecurity landscape requires security teams to incorporate the most current emerging threats, technologies, and attack vectors into these exercises.

This blog post discusses how modern enterprises can build their tabletop strategy to meet a changing threat climate and ways to overcome common challenges associated with the exercises. It also covers how tabletop exercises will transform in the future and how businesses can continue to derive value from such tools.

From Military Roots to Cyber Defenses | Defining Tabletop Exercises

Tabletop exercises (TTX) have a rich history in the realm of cybersecurity, dating back to the early days of military and emergency response planning. Originally used to simulate military campaigns and disaster response scenarios, TTXs gradually found their way into the cybersecurity domain. These exercises were initially developed to assess an organization’s ability to respond to physical security incidents, but as cyber threats became more prevalent, their focus expanded to include cyber incidents.

TTXs in cybersecurity typically involve a simulated scenario where participants gather in a controlled environment to collaboratively respond to a fictional cyber incident. The scenario is crafted to mimic real-world situations and may include elements like phishing attacks, data breaches, ransomware infections, or network intrusions. Participants, representing various roles within the organization, such as IT personnel, executives, legal advisors, and public relations representatives, engage in discussions and decision-making processes to address the unfolding incident.

The exercises can take different forms, ranging from informal discussions to more structured and time-constrained simulations. Facilitators guide the exercise, presenting new challenges and information as the scenario progresses, and participants must work together to assess the situation, make decisions, and develop an effective response plan. These exercises allow organizations to evaluate their incident response procedures, identify gaps and weaknesses, and refine their strategies to improve preparedness.

By simulating cyber incidents in a controlled environment, TTXs provide a safe space for learning, fostering collaboration among team members, and enabling the exploration of alternative approaches. They help organizations identify strengths and weaknesses in their incident response capabilities, assess communication channels, and uncover areas for improvement. Additionally, tabletop exercises offer the opportunity to test and validate incident response plans, refine coordination between different teams, and enhance overall cyber resilience.

Understanding the Relevance of Tabletop Exercises In Today’s World

Cyber threats have become more sophisticated and frequent, making tabletop exercises a highly useful tool for organizations. While new solutions provide advanced security measures, cybercriminals continue to exploit vulnerabilities and develop new attack vectors. This makes it essential for organizations to regularly assess and enhance their preparedness to combat cyber threats.

TTXs provide a controlled environment to simulate real-world cyber incidents and test an organization’s response capabilities. The relevance of TTXs to modern security practices can be broken down into these main areas:

• Risk Management – TTXs allow security teams to understand pain points, challenges, and any weaknesses in processes and communication channels that may not have been apparent in day-to-day operations. The results of the exercise can help teams bolster the weak points in their response strategy and bring in additional oversight where needed.
• Continuous Improvement & Lessons Learned – TTXs force security teams to validate documented flows that are in place for the current security program. After the exercise, all relevant participants can provide feedback on gaps and work towards revisions.

• Cybersecurity Training – After a TTX, valuable findings and any updates for processes are documented into training guides and playbooks for future use. New stakeholders can follow vetted documentation to prepare for future exercises.

• Stakeholder Collaboration – TTXs bring together key stakeholders, including IT personnel, executives, legal advisors, and public relations representatives. Holding regular exercises fosters collaboration and provides an opportunity to practice decision-making under pressure.

Mitigating The Challenges of Building A Tabletop Strategy

TTXs are a key element in developing the human side of incident response and cyber defense. By conducting regular tabletop exercises, organizations can test and enhance the knowledge and skills of incident responders. In the long run, having an established tabletop strategy bolsters the overall security posture of the business.

Many organizations, however, not only face challenges in implementing the strategy, but also generating ongoing value from TTXs. For some, the exercises are carried out with the best of intentions but still ‘fail’. From resource limitations to lack of engagement and availability, there are several common challenges associated with implementing value-driven TTXs. Here are some ways to overcome these pitfalls and ensure that the strategy works with the business and benefits security teams as cyber threats continue to develop.

Define Clear & Actionable Objectives

When objectives are not laid out in advance of a TTX, the sessions can feel like a perfunctory technical drill or a check-the-box activity with little to no value. Without clear goals in mind, the discussion can quickly unravel.

Defining the objectives comes from having a clear understanding of ‘the why’ behind the TTX. Based on the organization’s risk profile, senior leadership and security leaders need to pinpoint what takeaways the sessions should garner and what incremental improvements they want to make in their security strategy.

Having clear and actionable objectives for a cybersecurity tabletop exercise is key to ensuring its effectiveness. Here are some steps that enterprises can follow:

• Identify Key Focus Areas – Start by identifying the specific areas of cybersecurity that the exercise should address. This could include incident response procedures, communication protocols, decision-making processes, or testing the effectiveness of security controls. Consider the organization’s priorities, recent trends in cyber threats, and any known vulnerabilities or weaknesses.
• Align Objectives With Organizational Goals – The exercise objectives should align with the broader goals and priorities of the business. For example, if working towards compliance within a specific security framework or regulatory requirement, the exercise objectives can focus on testing and improving compliance-related processes.
• Be Specific & Measurable – Objectives should be specific and measurable to enable effective evaluation. Rather than stating a vague goal like “improve incident response,” set measurable targets such as “reduce incident response time by 20%,” or “enhance coordination between IT and legal teams during a data breach scenario.”
• Document & Communicate Objectives – Clearly document the defined objectives and share them with all participants. This ensures everyone is aligned and working towards common goals during the exercise.

Invite The Right Experts To The Discussion

A successful TTX requires the participation of key individuals who represent the roles and functions applicable to the TTX scenario being discussed. Considering the specific objectives set for a particular TTX, participants should only include those that will be able to answer for their function as too many observers may dilute the conversation if not managed.

Commonly, most TTX sessions will feature representatives from:

• Executive Leadership – C-suites should be involved to provide a high-level decision-making perspective, assess the impact of potential cyber incidents on the organization, and give the final word on necessary resources for incident response. Cyber incidents are not only a test of technical defenses, but they also examine executive-level responses when it comes to communicating the impact to both customers and the general public.
• Security & IT – Security professionals, including cybersecurity analysts, incident response managers, and network administrators, are essential participants. Their expertise in identifying and mitigating cyber threats supplies the technical acumen needed for the exercise.
• Legal & Compliance – Inclusion of legal advisors and compliance officers ensures that the exercise considers legal and regulatory implications. They can offer guidance on breach notification requirements, legal obligations, and potential liabilities.
• Communications & PR – Both internal and external communication is vital during a cyber incident. This team can speak to the management of public perception, media inquiries, and stakeholder communications during the scenario.
• Human Resources – Human resources representatives can contribute by addressing employee-related aspects, such as incident reporting procedures, training, and handling internal communication during an incident.
• Departmental Heads – It is beneficial to include representatives from different departments to ensure a holistic understanding of the organization’s operations and their interdependencies. Should a scenario deal with one specific department’s data, for example, that department head would be expected to provide input.
• Operations – Participants from operations and business continuity teams can provide insights into the potential impact of cyber incidents on critical operations and contribute to the development of effective recovery strategies.

Build Business-Tailored Scenarios & Evaluation Criteria

Designing realistic scenarios that accurately reflect most current threat landscapes can be challenging. It requires staying updated on the latest attack techniques, emerging technologies, and industry trends. Creating scenarios that strike the right balance between realism and feasibility is crucial for a meaningful exercise.

To foster better TTX discussions, the scenarios should be aligned with the industry-specific risks and active and known threats to similar organizations or competitors in the same space. Scenarios can also be based on the organization’s own history of security incidents.

• Tie Scenarios to Operations – Design scenarios that reflect the organization’s unique business operations, systems, and processes. Consider the industry, internal procedures, technology infrastructure, and specific threats relevant to the organization. This ensures that participants can relate to the scenarios and their potential impact.
• Leverage Past Risk Assessments – Using past risk assessments, identify the critical assets, vulnerabilities, and potential impacts within the organization. This helps determine the areas to focus on and ensures that the exercises address the most applicable risks.
• Incorporate Real-World Scenarios – Draw inspiration from real-world cyber incidents and recent data breach reports. Simulate scenarios that resemble actual incidents faced by similar organizations or that align with prevalent industry-specific threats. This helps participants gain practical experience and understand the implications of such incidents.

Create Follow Ups For the Next Exercise

Assessing the outcomes of TTXs and translating them into actionable improvements is a necessary but often overlooked part of the discussion. Proper evaluation and analysis of exercise results, followed by effective follow-up actions, are essential to maximize the value of these exercises. Having this iterative approach ensures that the teams learn from each exercise, actions any needed changes, and continuously enhance their response capabilities.

• Evaluate The Outcome – Conduct a thorough evaluation of the tabletop exercise right after its completion. Gather feedback from participants to identify strengths, weaknesses, and areas for improvement. Document any key insights or ideas for future exercises.
• Analyze The Gaps – Analyze the gaps and weaknesses identified during the exercise. Categorize them based on severity and prioritize them for action. Determine the root causes behind the gaps, whether they involve processes, technology, communication, or personnel.
• Assign Actions Items – Based on the identified gaps, assign action items to address each one to relevant individuals or teams. Set realistic timelines and milestones for completion. Continuously track progress and use key performance indicators (KPIs) to gauge the success of the follow-up initiatives. This provides a basis for further refinement and adjustment.
• Update Incident Response Plans – Revise and update the organization’s incident response plans to reflect the gaps identified during the exercise. Ensure that all employees have access to the updated plans.
• Conduct Training and Awareness Programs – Provide training sessions to enhance skills, educate employees on specific cyber threats, and reinforce incident response procedures. This helps fill knowledge gaps and improves preparedness.

Seeing Tabletop Exercises As One Part Of A Whole

When carried out correctly, a strong tabletop exercise strategy can expose weaknesses in incident response strategies, uncover areas for improvement, and foster a better strategy for emergency preparedness. While TTXs are a helpful tool, allowing security teams to simulate various scenarios, the exercises themselves are not enough to build an end-to-end cybersecurity defense posture against advanced cyber threats. In the greater scheme, TTXs are just one part of a whole and only place emphasis on fixing known vulnerabilities and any gaps identified during the sessions.

For ongoing, holistic protection against increasingly sophisticated threat tactics, techniques, and procedures, enterprises can augment their TTX processes with artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), red teaming, and a combination of autonomous endpoint, cloud, and identity security. The future of TTXs is now including such emerging technologies as they can simulate advanced attack vectors and enable organizations to test the effectiveness of automated response mechanisms. This ensures preparedness against new and evolving threats that haven’t already been documented and tracked.

Further, AI and ML can be used to model and simulate the behavior of adversaries, both known and unknown. By analyzing historical attack data, threat intelligence, and patterns, these technologies can generate realistic adversary profiles. TTXs can then include a wide range of adversary behaviors, making the exercises more challenging and reflective of real-world threats.  Algorithms can be written to analyze historical data from previous cyber incidents and help identify patterns and trends. With this data on hand, organizations can predict and anticipate potential future threats, vulnerabilities, or attack vectors. Incorporating predictive analytics in TTXs helps security teams proactively enhance their defenses.

The new wave of TTX strategy is also seeing more involvement from red teams. Red teaming, which involves simulating adversarial attacks, can be augmented by AI and ML. These technologies can automate certain aspects of red teaming exercises, such as generating realistic attack scenarios, identifying vulnerabilities, and assessing the impact of potential attacks. This helps in uncovering weaknesses and testing the resilience of an organization’s defenses.

Conclusion

Tabletop exercises, when implemented alongside AI-powered tools, allow security operations centers (SOCs) to understand their responsibilities and spend less time collecting and analyzing data during an incident. These risk-informed exercises reduce the overall mean-time-to-containment, enhance collaboration, and allow for the refinement of incident response plans. When combined with red teaming, where simulated adversarial attacks are conducted, organizations gain a deeper understanding of their vulnerabilities and can proactively address them.

As cyberattacks grow in frequency and complexity, autonomous security, AI, and ML technologies are bringing valuable capabilities to tabletop exercises. They enable the automation of many security tasks and enhance predictive analytics. By leveraging these technologies, organizations can improve threat detection, response speed, and decision-making, allowing them to stay ahead of threat actors in the ever-changing cyber ecosystem.

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